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EAV, which stands for Entity-Attribute-Value, is a database model used by Magento to allow flexibility for the data. In this model:

– Entity is the item, e.g., product, customer.

– Attribute is the property or characteristic of an entity, e.g., color, size.

– Value is the value of the attribute for a specific item.

Magento uses EAV to ensure that additional attributes can be added without altering the schema.

Indexing in Magento is a way to transform data such as products, categories, and more to improve the performance of the storefront. As data changes, the transformed data gets outdated. Indexing ensures that the storefront data is updated and queries to the storefront are speedy.

“Mage::getSingleton()” returns an instance of the requested class but ensures that the same instance is returned upon subsequent requests, effectively implementing the Singleton pattern. On the other hand, “Mage::getModel()” will always return a new instance of the requested class.

Observers and Events provide a way to execute custom functionality in Magento. Events are dispatched from the core code, and custom modules can “listen” to these events using Observers. When an event is triggered, any observer attached to that event will execute its assigned functionality.

Some techniques include:

– Enabling caching (Full Page Cache, Varnish).

– Using a Content Delivery Network (CDN) for serving static files.

– Optimizing images.

– Minifying and merging CSS and JavaScript files.

– Implementing proper server and database optimizations.

– Using advanced indexing solutions like Elasticsearch.

Magento 2 is not just an upgrade; it’s a new platform. Some differences include:

– Enhanced performance due to full-page caching.

– Improved checkout process.

– A new file structure that separates core files from customizations.

– Introduction of UI Components.

– Use of the Composer for dependency management.

– More modern tech stack including PHP 7, RequireJS, and LESS.

A Magento module’s directory typically contains the following:

– “Block” – Contains view logic.

– “controllers” – Handles incoming HTTP requests.

– “etc” – Configuration files (e.g., “config.xml”).

– “Helper” – Contains utility methods.

– “Model” – Data-related functionality and business logic.

– “sql” – Setup scripts for the database.

– “view” – Frontend files (templates, layouts, JS, CSS).

“local.xml” is a configuration file in Magento’s theme structure that allows developers to make changes to the layout without altering core files. This ensures customizations remain intact during upgrades.

Magento uses CSV files for translations. Each module/theme can have its own translation file. The format is “”Original Text”,”Translated Text””. Translations can be overridden at the theme or module level.

Magento supports two main types of session storage: files and database (DB). File-based session storage saves session data on the server’s filesystem, while database session storage saves session data in the Magento database.

An extension in Magento adds specific features or functionalities to the store, whereas a theme dictates how the store looks. Extensions affect backend and frontend behavior, while themes primarily influence the frontend appearance.

Overriding a core model class involves two main steps:

1. Declare the override in your module’s “config.xml” under the “<global><models>” node.
2. Create the overriding class in your module’s directory, ensuring it extends the original core class.

Magento’s API allows third-party applications to connect and interact with the Magento system. Magento supports both SOAP and REST APIs, catering to different integration needs.

Magento’s MVC (Model-View-Controller) structure is a variation of the traditional MVC. Key components include:

– Models: Represent data and business logic.

– Views: Display data (handled by blocks and templates in Magento).

– Controllers: Handle HTTP requests, manage user input, and interact with models.

Securing a Magento site involves:

– Regularly updating to the latest version and patches.

– Implementing strong admin credentials and changing the default admin path.

– Using HTTPS for admin and frontend.

– Setting up a firewall and using security plugins or extensions.

– Disabling directory listing and setting correct file permissions.

In Magento, both a store and a website are organizational structures used to manage multiple online selling channels, but they serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics:

1. Website:

   – Purpose: A website in Magento represents a top-level entity that can host multiple stores. Each website typically corresponds to a distinct domain or subdomain and can function as an independent online presence. Websites are used when you want to manage separate online businesses or brands under a single Magento installation.

   – Key Characteristics:

     – Each website has its own set of customer groups, prices, and tax rules.

     – Websites can have their own catalog and product listings, or they can share catalogs with other websites.

     – Customers can have separate accounts and carts on each website.

     – Currency settings are specific to each website.

     – Different payment gateways and shipping methods can be configured for each website.

   – Use Cases:

     – Running multiple brands or businesses on a single Magento instance.

     – Serving different regions with localized content, pricing, and payment options.

     – Managing multiple online stores with unique configurations.

2. Store:

   – Purpose: A store is a subset of a website and represents a separate section or branch within a website. Stores allow you to group products and manage them independently within a website. Each store can have its own set of categories, products, and pricing, while still sharing common attributes and settings with the parent website.

   – Key Characteristics:

     – Stores within the same website share customer accounts, shopping carts, and checkout processes.

     – Product prices can be set differently for each store.

     – Stores can have their own themes, layouts, and design customizations.

     – Inventory can be managed separately for each store.

   – Use Cases:

     – Offering different product selections or pricing structures for various product lines or categories within the same website.

     – Managing multiple store views for different languages, currencies, or customer segments within a website.

     – Creating localized versions of your website with specific design and content for different regions.

In summary, a website in Magento is a top-level entity that can host multiple stores, each of which represents a distinct section or branch within the website. Websites are typically used when you want to manage separate online businesses or brands, while stores provide a way to organize and manage product categories, pricing, and design within a website. The choice between using websites and stores depends on your specific business needs and how you want to structure your online presence in Magento.